Peer Reviewed Articles Reading Interventions for Struggling Readers
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a review of reading intervention research (1988–2019) for upper elementary struggling readers and examined intervention area (e.chiliad., foundational, comprehension, or multicomponent) and intensity (e.1000., hours of intervention, group size, and individualization) as possible moderators of effects. We located 33 studies containing 49 treatment-comparison contrasts, constitute small effects for foundational reading skills (thou = 0.22) and comprehension (g = 0.21), and decreased effects when considering standardized measures only. For intervention area, only multicomponent interventions predicted meaning effects for both comprehension and foundational outcomes. For intensity, we did not find systematic evidence that longer or individualized interventions were associated with larger effects. However, interventions implemented in very pocket-size groups predicted larger comprehension outcomes. Overall, more than research examining the quality of school provided reading teaching and how the severity of reading difficulties may impact effects of more intensive interventions is needed.
References
-
*Denotes studies included in this meta-analytic review
-
Austin, C., Wanzek, J., Scammacca, N., Vaughn, South., Gesel, S., Donegan, R. E., & Englemann, M. (2019). The human relationship between study quality and the furnishings of supplemental reading interventions: A meta-analysis. Exceptional Children, 85, 347–366.
-
*Benner, G. (2007). The relative impact of remedial reading instruction on the bones reading skills of students with emotional disturbance and learning disabilities. Journal of Direct Instruction, vii, 1–xv.
-
*Bennett, South., Calderone, C., Dedrick, R., & Gunn, A. (2015). "Do I have to leave?" Across linear text: Struggling readers' motivation with an innovative musical program. Reading Improvement, 52, 51–sixty.
-
Boardman, A. Grand., Roberts, Yard., Vaughn, Due south., Wexler, J., Murray, C. S., & Kosnovich, One thousand. (2008). Effective instruction for adolescent struggling readers: A practice brief. Portsmouth, NH: RMC Research Corporation, Heart on Instruction.
-
Bryant, D. P., Goodwin, Thou., Bryant, B. R., & Higgins, K. (2003). Vocabulary instruction for students with learning disabilities: A review of the research. Learning Disability Quarterly, 26, 117–128. https://doi.org/x.2307/1593594.
-
*Cirino, P., Miciak, J., Gerst, E., Barnes, Chiliad., Vaughn, S., Kid, A., & Willcutt, E. (2017). Executive function, self-regulated learning, and reading comprehension: A training report. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 50, 450–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219415618497.
-
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2d ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
-
Compton, D., Fuchs, D., Fuchs, 50., Elleman, A., & Gilbert, J. (2008). Tracking children who fly beneath the radar: Latent transition modeling of students with late-emerging reading inability. Learning and Private Differences, 18, 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2008.04.003.
-
*Connor, C., Phillips, B., Kim, Y., Lonigan, C., Kaschak, M., Crowe, E., & Al Otaiba, S. (2018). Examining the efficacy of targeted component interventions on linguistic communication and literacy for third and quaternary graders who are at adventure of comprehension difficulties. Scientific Studies of Reading, 22, 462–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2018.1481409.
-
*Das, J., Hayward, V., Georgiou, Grand., Janzen, T., & Boora, Due north. (2008). Comparing the effectiveness of two reading intervention programs for children with reading disabilities. Journal of Cerebral Education and Psychology, vii, 199–222. https://doi.org/x.1891/194589508787381836.
-
*Das, J. P., Mishra, R. K., & Pool, J. East. (1995). An experiment on cognitive remediation of word-reading difficulty. Periodical of Learning Disabilities, 28, 66–79. https://doi.org/x.1177/002221949502800201.
-
Denton, C. A., Tolar, T. D., Fletcher, J. One thousand., Barth, A. E., Vaughn, S., & Francis, D. J. (2013). Effects of tier 3 intervention for students with persistent reading difficulties and characteristics of inadequate responders. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 633–648. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032581.
-
Donegan, R. E., Wanzek, J., & Al Otaiba, South. (2020). Furnishings of a reading intervention implemented at differing intensities for upper elementary students. Learning Disabilities Inquiry & Practice, 35(two), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12218.
-
Duke, North. K. (2000). 3.half dozen minutes per day: The scarcity of advisory texts in commencement grade. Reading Inquiry Quarterly, 35, 202–224. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.35.2.1.
-
Duke, N. 1000., & Roberts, K. L. (2010). The genre-specific nature of reading comprehension and the case of informational text. In D. Wyse, R. Andrews, & J. Hoffman (Eds.), The international handbook of English language language and literacy teaching (pp. 74–86). London, U.k.: Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ten.4324/9780203863091.ch7
-
Edmonds, Thou., Vaughn, South., Wexler, J., Reutebuch, C., Cable, A., Tackett, Yard., & Schnakenberg, J. (2009). A synthesis of reading interventions and effects on reading comprehension outcomes for older struggling readers. Review of Educational Inquiry, 79, 262–300. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325998.
-
Egger, One thousand., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected past a unproblematic, graphical exam. British Medical Journal, 315, 629–634. https://doi.org/ten.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.
-
Elleman, A. Thou., Lindo, E. J., Morphy, P., & Compton, D. L. (2009). The impact of vocabulary instruction on passage-level comprehension of school-historic period children: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2, one–44. https://doi.org/ten.1080/19345740802539200.
-
Flynn, L., Zheng, X., & Swanson, H. (2012). Instructing struggling older readers: A selective meta-analysis of intervention research. Learning Disabilities Inquiry & Practice, 27, 21–32. https://doi.org/x.1111/j.1540-5826.2011.00347.x.
-
*Fuchs, D., Hendricks, E., Walsh, M., Fuchs, L., Gilbert, J., Zhang Tracy, W., & Peng, P. (2018). Evaluating a multidimensional reading comprehension plan and reconsidering the lowly reputation of tests of nigh-transfer. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 33, 11–23. https://doi.org/ten.1111/ldrp.12162.
-
Gersten, R., Compton, D., Connor, C. Thou., Dimino, J., Santoro, Fifty., Linan-Thompson, South., and Tilly, W. D. (2008). U.South. Department of Education, Institute of Pedagogy Sciences, National Heart for Education Evaluation and Regional Help. In Assisting students struggling with reading: Response to Intervention and multi-tier intervention for reading in the primary grades. A practise guide. (NCEE 2009-4045). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/publications/practiceguides/.
-
Gough, P., & Tunmer, Due west. (1986). Decoding, reading, and reading inability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 6–10.
-
Hiebert, Eastward. H. (2008). The (mis)match betwixt texts and students who depend on schools to become literate. In Due east. H. Hiebert & Thousand. Sailors (Eds.), Finding the right texts: What works for beginning and struggling readers (pp. 1–twenty). New York, NY: Guilford.
-
Jung, P., Mcmaster, K., Kunkel, A., Shin, J., & Stecker, P. (2018). Furnishings of information-based individualization for students with intensive learning needs: A meta-assay. Learning Disabilities Research & Practise, 33, 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12172.
-
Kamil, M. L., Borman, Chiliad. D., Dole, J., Kral, C. C., Salinger, T., and Torgesen, J. (2008). U.S. Section of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Centre for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. In Improving adolescent literacy: Effective classroom and intervention practices: A Practice Guide (NCEE #2008-4027). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc.
-
*Keller, J., Ruthruff, E., & Keller, P. (2019). Mindfulness and speed testing for children with learning disabilities: Oil and water? Reading & Writing Quarterly, 35, 154–178. https://doi.org/ten.1080/10573569.2018.1524803.
-
*Kim, J., Capotosto, L., Hartry, A., & Fitzgerald, R. (2011). Tin a mixed-method literacy intervention ameliorate the reading achievement of low-performing elementary school students in an after-school program? Results from a randomized controlled trial of READ 180 Enterprise. Educational Evaluation and Policy Assay, 33, 183–201. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373711399148.
-
*Kim, J., Samson, J., Fitzgerald, R., & Hartry, A. (2010). A randomized experiment of a mixed-methods literacy intervention for struggling readers in grades four–6: Furnishings on word reading efficiency, reading comprehension and vocabulary, and oral reading fluency. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23, 1109–1129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9198-two.
-
Leach, J. M., Scarborough, H., & Rescorla, L. (2003). Belatedly-emerging reading disabilities. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.two.211.
-
Lee, J., & Yoon, S. (2017). The effects of repeated reading on reading fluency for students with reading disabilities: A meta-assay. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 50, 213–224. https://doi.org/ten.1177/0022219415605194.
-
Lemons, C., Fuchs, D., Gilbert, J., & Fuchs, 50. (2014). Evidence-based practices in a changing world: Reconsidering the counterfactual in education research. Educational Researcher, 43, 242–252. https://doi.org/ten.3102/0013189X14539189.
-
Lipka, O., Lesaux, Due north., & Siegel, 50. (2006). Retrospective analyses of the reading evolution of Form four students with reading disabilities: Risk condition and profiles over 5 years. Periodical of Learning Disabilities, 39, 364–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194060390040901.
-
Lipsey, M.W., Puzio, K., Yun, C., Hebert, M.A., Steinka-Fry, Chiliad., Cole, M.West., Roberts, M., Anthony, K.Southward., Busick, Thousand.D. (2012). U.Southward. Department of Educational activity, Constitute of Education Sciences, National Center for Special Education Research. In Translating the statistical representation of the furnishings of education interventions into more readily interpretable forms. (NCSER 2013-3000). Retrieved from http://ies.edu.gov/ncser.
-
*Mason, L., Davison, K., Hammer, C., Miller, C., & Glutting, J. (2013). Noesis, writing, and language outcomes for a reading comprehension and writing intervention. Reading and Writing, 26, 1133–1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-012-9409-0.
-
*Mathes, P. K., & Fuchs, 50. South. (1993). Peer-mediated reading instruction in special didactics resource rooms. Learning Disabilities Research & Exercise, 8, 233–243.
-
*Miciak, J., Roberts, G., Taylor, W., Solis, M., Ahmed, Y., Vaughn, S., & Fletcher, J. (2018). The effects of i versus two years of intensive reading intervention implemented with tardily uncomplicated struggling readers. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 33, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12159.
-
Nation, Yard., & Snowling, M. (1997). Assessing reading difficulties: The validity and utility of current measures of reading skill. British Periodical of Educational Psychology, 67, 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1997.tb01250.ten.
-
*O'Connor, R. Eastward., Bong, 1000. Thou., Harty, K. R., Larkin, Fifty. K., Sackor, S. M., & Zigmond, Northward. (2002). Teaching reading to poor readers in the intermediate grades: A comparison of text difficulty. Periodical of Educational Psychology, 94, 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.474.
-
O'Connor, R. E., Fulmer, D., Harty, K. R., & Bell, G. M. (2005). Layers of reading intervention in kindergarten through third grade: Changes in didactics and student outcomes. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194050380050701.
-
*O'Connor, R. East., White, A., & Swanson, H. L. (2007). Repeated reading versus continuous reading: Influences on reading fluency and comprehension. Exceptional Children, 74, 31–46. https://doi.org/ten.1177/001440290707400102.
-
Pearson, P. D., Palincsar, A. S., Biancarosa, M., & Berman, A. I. (Eds.). (2020). Reaping the Rewards of the Reading for Understanding Initiative. Washington, DC: National Academy of Education. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/x.31094/2020/ii
-
Pyle, N., & Vaughn, S. (2012). Remediating reading difficulties in a response to intervention model with secondary students. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21593.
-
*Reed, D., Aloe, A., Reeger, A., & Folsom, J. (2019). Defining summer gain among elementary students with or at run a risk for reading disabilities. Exceptional Children, 85, 413–431. https://doi.org/x.1177/0014402918819426.
-
*Ring, J., Barefoot, Fifty., Avrit, One thousand., Dark-brown, S., & Black, J. (2013). Reading fluency instruction for students at risk for reading failure. Remedial and Special Education, 34(2), 102–112. https://doi.org/x.1177/0741932511435175.
-
*Ritchey, K., Silverman, R., Montanaro, E., Speece, D., & Schatschneider, C. (2012). Effects of a tier ii supplemental reading intervention for at-risk quaternary-grade students. Exceptional Children, 78, 318–334. https://doi.org/ten.1177/001440291207800304.
-
Ritchey, M., Palombo, Thou., Silverman, R., & Speece, D. (2017). Furnishings of an informational text reading comprehension intervention for 5th-grade students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 40, 68–fourscore. https://doi.org/ten.1177/0731948716682689.
-
*Roberts, G., Capin, P., Roberts, G., Miciak, J., Quinn, J., Vaughn, Southward., & Levin, J. (2018). Examining the effects of afterschool reading interventions for upper elementary struggling readers. Remedial and Special Education, 39, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932517750818.
-
Sanchez, 5. M., & O'Connor, R. E. (2015). Building tier 3 intervention for long-term slow growers in grades 3–four: A pilot study. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 30(iv), 171–181. https://doi.org/ten.1111/ldrp.12085.
-
Scammacca, Northward., Roberts, 1000., Vaughn, S., & Stuebing, G. (2015). A meta-analysis of interventions for struggling readers in grades four–12: 1980–2011. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48, 369–390. https://doi.org/ten.1177/0022219413504995.
-
Shanahan, T., Callison, Chiliad., Carriere, C., Duke, N. Thou., Pearson, P. D., Schatschneider, C., & Torgesen, J. (2010). U.S. Department of Pedagogy, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Teaching Evaluation and Regional Assistance. Improving reading comprehension in kindergarten through tertiary grade: A practice guide (NCEE 2010–4038). Retrieved from whatworks.ed.gov/publications/practiceguides.
-
Shankweiler, D., Lundquist, E., Katz, L., Stuebing, Grand., Fletcher, J., Brady, S., & Shaywitz, B. (1999). Comprehension and decoding: Patterns of clan in children with reading difficulties. Scientific Studies of Reading, three, 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532799xssr0301_4.
-
Solis, Chiliad., Ciullo, S., Vaughn, S., Pyle, N., Hassaram, B., & Leroux, A. (2012). Reading comprehension interventions for middle school students with learning disabilities: A synthesis of 30 years of research. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 45, 327–340. https://doi.org/ten.1177/0022219411402691.
-
*Swanson, H., & O'Connor, R. (2009). The role of working retentiveness and fluency practice on the reading comprehension of students who are dysfluent readers. Periodical of Learning Disabilities, 42, 548–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219409338742.
-
*Thames, D., Reeves, C., Kazelskis, R., York, G., Boling, C., Newell, M., & Wang, Y. (2008). Reading comprehension: Effects of individualized, integrated language arts as a reading approach with struggling readers. Reading Psychology, 29, 86–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702710701853625.
-
*Therrien, W. J., Wickstrom, Thousand., & Jones, K. (2006). Effect of a combined repeated reading and question generation intervention on reading accomplishment. Learning Disabilities Research & Practise, 21, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5826.2006.00209.x.
-
*Torgesen, J. K., Alexander, A. W., Wagner, R. Grand., Rashotte, C. A., Voeller, M. 1000. South., & Conway, T. (2001). Intensive remedial instruction for children with astringent reading disabilities: Immediate and long-term outcomes from 2 instructional approaches. Periodical of Learning Disabilities, 34, 33–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221940103400104.
-
*Toste, J., Capin, P., Williams, Chiliad., Cho, Eastward., & Vaughn, Southward. (2019). Replication of an experimental study investigating the efficacy of a multisyllabic word reading intervention with and without motivational beliefs training for struggling readers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 52, 45–58. https://doi.org/x.1177/0022219418775114.
-
*Vadasy, P., & Sanders, Eastward. (2008). Benefits of repeated reading intervention for low-achieving fourth- and 5th-grade students. Remedial and Special Pedagogy, 29, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932507312013.
-
*Vaughn, Southward., Roberts, Thou., Miciak, J., Taylor, P., & Fletcher, J. (2019). Efficacy of a discussion- and text-based intervention for students with pregnant reading difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 52(i), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219418775113.
-
*Vaughn, S., Solís, Yard., Miciak, J., Taylor, W., & Fletcher, J. (2016). Effects from a randomized control trial comparing researcher and schoolhouse-implemented treatments with quaternary graders with meaning reading difficulties. Periodical of Enquiry on Educational Effectiveness, 9(Suppl ane), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2015.1126386.
-
Vaughn, S., Wanzek, J., Wexler, J., Barth, A., Cirino, P., Fletcher, J. One thousand., & Francis, D. J. (2010). The relative effects of group size on reading progress of older student with reading difficulties. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23, 931–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9183-nine.
-
Vaughn, Southward., Wexler, J., Roberts, G., Barth, A., Cirino, P., Romain, M., & Denton, C. (2011). Furnishings of individualized and standardized interventions on eye school students with reading disabilities. Exceptional Children, 77, 391–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440291107700401.
-
*Wanzek, J., & Roberts, Thou. (2012). Reading Interventions with varying instructional emphases for quaternary graders with reading difficulties. Learning Disability Quarterly, 35, xc–101. https://doi.org/x.1177/0731948711434047.
-
*Wanzek, J., Petscher, Y., Otaiba, S., Rivas, B., Jones, F., Kent, South., & Mehta, P. (2017). Effects of a year long supplemental reading intervention for students with reading difficulties in fourth grade. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109, 1103–1119. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000184.
-
Wanzek, J., Vaughn, South., Scammacca, North. K., Metz, K., Murray, C. S., Roberts, G., & Danielson, L. (2013). Extensive reading interventions for students with reading difficulties later grade 3. Review of Educational Enquiry, 83, 163–195. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313477212.
-
Wanzek, J., Wexler, J., Vaughn, S., & Ciullo, S. (2010). Reading interventions for struggling readers in the upper elementary grades: a synthesis of xx years of research. Reading and Writing, 23, 889–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9179-5.
-
Wilson, D. B. (n.d.). Applied meta-analysis effect size computer [Online computer]. Retrieved April, 2019, from https:/www.campbellcollaboration.org/inquiry-resources/research-for-resources/consequence-size-calculator.html
-
*Xin, J. F., & Rieth, H. (2001). Video-assisted vocabulary instruction for elementary schoolhouse students with learning disabilities. Data Technology in Babyhood Education Almanac, 12, 87–103.
-
*Young, C., Mohr, K., & Rasinski, T. (2014). Reading together: A successful reading fluency intervention. Literacy Research and Instruction, 54, one–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388071.2014.97667.
-
Zimmermann, Fifty., Reed, D., & Aloe, A. (2019). A meta-analysis of non-repetitive reading fluency interventions for students with reading difficulties. Remedial and Special Education: Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193251985505.
Funding
This enquiry was supported in part by Grant H325H140001 from the Function of Special Pedagogy Programs, U.Southward. Department of Teaching and by Award Number R01HD091232 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Constitute of Kid Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Wellness. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does non necessarily correspond the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the U.Southward. Department of Instruction.
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding writer
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rachel Donegan: Formerly at Department of Special Teaching, Peabody College of Education and Human Development, Vanderbilt University.
Virtually this article
Cite this commodity
Donegan, R.E., Wanzek, J. Furnishings of reading interventions implemented for upper uncomplicated struggling readers: A await at recent research. Read Writ 34, 1943–1977 (2021). https://doi.org/ten.1007/s11145-021-10123-y
-
Accustomed:
-
Published:
-
Upshot Date:
-
DOI : https://doi.org/ten.1007/s11145-021-10123-y
Keywords
- At risk population
- Reading difficulties
- Reading disabilities
- Reading intervention
- Upper elementary
Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11145-021-10123-y